3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 20-26 August 2025 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxzvBgoSxg$> New Activity/Unrest: Bagana, Papua New Guinea | Karymsky, Russia | Klyuchevskoy, Russia | Krasheninnikov, Russia | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Shishaldin, United States Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Dukono, Indonesia | Etna, Italy | Great Sitkin, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Katmai, United States | Kelimutu, Indonesia | Kilauea, United States | Kirishimayama, Japan | Lewotolok, Indonesia | Poas, Costa Rica | Reventador, Ecuador | Sangay, Ecuador | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Suwanosejima, Japan | Turrialba, Costa Rica | Ulawun, Papua New Guinea The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Bagana | Papua New Guinea | 6.137°S, 155.196°E | Summit elev. 1855 m The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that an ash plume from Bagana was identified in satellite images rising to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW at 0820 on 25 August. Geologic Summary. Bagana volcano, in a remote portion of central Bougainville Island, is frequently active. This massive symmetrical cone was largely constructed by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The entire edifice could have been constructed in about 300 years at its present rate of lava production. Eruptive activity is characterized by non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains a small lava dome in the summit crater, although occasional explosive activity produces pyroclastic flows. Lava flows with tongue-shaped lobes up to 50 m thick and prominent levees descend the flanks on all sides. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxx3OS8H5Q$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity continued at Karymsky during 14-21 August. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was observed in satellite images on 15 August; the volcano was quiet or obscured by clouds on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates and times are provided in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); specific events are indicated in local time where specified. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://kvert.febras.net/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://kvert.febras.net/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxzFHy6roQ$> Klyuchevskoy | Russia | 56.056°N, 160.642°E | Summit elev. 4754 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that the eruption at Klyuchevskoy had ended on 16 August and only fumarolic activity persisted. At 2318 on 20 August the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale). Dates and times are provided in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); specific events are indicated in local time where specified. Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy is the highest and most active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Since its origin about 6,000 years ago, this symmetrical, basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of Kamen volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank eruptions have occurred during approximately the past 3,000 years, with most lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 and 3,600 m elevation. Eruptions recorded since the late 17th century have resulted in frequent changes to the morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater. These eruptions over the past 400 years have originated primarily from the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and effusive eruptions from flank craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://kvert.febras.net/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://kvert.febras.net/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxzFHy6roQ$> Krasheninnikov | Russia | 54.596°N, 160.27°E | Summit elev. 1816 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that the eruption at Krasheninnikov continued during 20-26 August. A daily large strong thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images. According to the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS) thermal anomalies over the lava flow on the NW flank were present on 23 August. At 0150 on 25 August an ash plume was visible in a satellite image rising 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SE based on a Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) report. Dates and times are provided in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); specific events are indicated in local time where specified. Geologic Summary. The late-Pleistocene to Holocene Krasheninnikov volcano is comprised of two overlapping stratovolcanoes within a 9 x 10 km Pleistocene caldera. Young lava flows from summit and flank vents descend both into the caldera and down its outer flanks, and older flows that covered much of the SE caldera rim extended downslope at least 7 km. Tephra deposits from the caldera-forming eruption directly overlie a 39,000 years before present (BP) tephra thought to be associated with the formation of Uzon caldera (Florenskii, 1988). The intra-caldera stratovolcanoes are situated along a NE-SW-trending fissure that has also produced zones of Holocene cinder cones extending 15-20 km beyond the caldera. Construction of the southern edifice began about 11,000 years BP and lasted for about 4,500 years; it has a summit crater about 800-900 m wide. The northern edifice was constructed during a cycle of similar length that began about 6,500 years ago; it has a summit crater about 1.5 km wide, within which is low cone with an 800-m-wide crater containing another small cone. An eruptive cycle during about 600-400 years BP (1350-1550 CE) produced the Pauk lava cone in the crater of the northern cone and the Yuzhny lava flow on SW flank outside the caldera, followed by the Molodoy flow from the upper SW flank (Ponomareva, 1987; Ponomareva and Tsyurupa, 1985; Ponomareva and Braitseva, 1990). Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://kvert.febras.net/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://kvert.febras.net/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxzFHy6roQ$> ; Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxysToThkg$> ; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw18KWwWQ$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported continuing activity at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 20-26 August. Dense white gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted NW, N, and NE during 20-21 August. There were 3-4 daily ash plumes during 22-23 August rising 600-1,500 m above the summit and drifting W and SW. On 23 August PVMBG noted that activity was declining after the more intense 18 August activity, based on seismic and visual monitoring data. Seismicity had declined, though low-frequency earthquakes, along with deformation data, indicated a slow rate of magma recharge at depth. Tiltmeter data was relatively stable. At 1800 the Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the center of Laki-laki. Ash plumes continued to rose from the summit crater during 24-25 August. Ash-and-gas plumes that were mostly dense rose as high as 2 km above the crater and drifted SW and W. An eruptive event was recorded at 2024 on 25 August and at 0311 on 26 August but not observed. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybju3N7Q$> Shishaldin | United States | 54.756°N, 163.97°W | Summit elev. 2857 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that signs of volcanic unrest at Shishaldin had been gradually increasing during the previous month. Specifically, sulfur dioxide emissions had increased, observers noted a more vigorous steam plume rising from the summit crater, and seismic and infrasound data showed moderate increases in both the number and amplitude of events. At 1148 on 25 August the Volcano Alert Level was raised to Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was raised Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The symmetrical glacier-covered Shishaldin in the Aleutian Islands is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost." Constructed atop an older glacially dissected edifice, it is largely basaltic in composition. Remnants of an older edifice are exposed on the W and NE sides at 1,500-1,800 m elevation. There are over two dozen pyroclastic cones on its NW flank, which is covered by massive aa lava flows. Frequent explosive activity, primarily consisting of Strombolian ash eruptions from the small summit crater, but sometimes producing lava flows, has been recorded since the 18th century. A steam plume often rises from the summit crater. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw2eZf3mQ$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 August. There was nightly crater incandescence visible in webcam images and occasional very small eruptive events. Sulfur dioxide emissions were characterized as extremely high on 20 August, averaging 3,300 tons per day. An explosion at 0521 on 22 August generated an ash plume that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. Eruptive events at 0733 on 22 August, at 2159 on 23 August, and at 0013, 1040, and 1724 on 24 August produced ash plumes that rose 1.1-1.5 km above the crater rim; some of the plumes rose straight up while others drifted SE. Ash plumes were continuously emitted during 0152-1025 on 25 August, rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim, and drifted N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to be cautious within 2 km of both the Minimadake and Showa craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw439tl-Q$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Dukono continued during 20-26 August. Dense white-and-gray gas-and-ash plumes rose 200-900 m above the summit and drifted NW and E during 21-23 and 26 August. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater. Geologic Summary. The Dukono complex in northern Halmahera is on an edifice with a broad, low profile containing multiple peaks and overlapping craters. Almost continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the Gunung Mamuya cone, 10 km NE. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also had reported eruptions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybju3N7Q$> Etna | Italy | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity at Etnaâ??s summit craters during 18-24 August was characterized by lava effusion from two vents, Strombolian activity and ash emissions at SE Crater, and gas emissions at NE, Bocca Nuova, and Voragine craters. Activity was observed through webcams and by observatory staff doing daily fieldwork in the summit area. Lava effusion continued at a vent around 2,980 m elevation located along the N-S-trending fissure between Bocca Nuova and SE Crater. Lava flows were overlapping at the distal end of the flow field; the longest flow reached 2 km. Two new vents opened on 20 August. The first vent was located at 3,100 m elevation at the base of the saddle between Bocca Nuova Crater and the Southeast Crater. Observatory staff witnessed the opening of the vent during the morning and saw spattering and lava flows that descended the W flank. The flows were 670 m long by 24 August. The second vent opened at 1340 on 20 August on the S flank of SE Crater, at 3,200 m elevation. The vent produced several branching lava flows that advanced S and SW. By 24 August the flow was 880 m long with the S branch reaching 2,980 m elevation and the SW flow reaching 2,950 m elevation. The new flows were estimated to be about 1.5 m thick. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxzpWfo7RQ$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 19-26 August. Satellite data indicated that the flow was advancing S, with some rockfalls occurring along the S and E margins. Small daily earthquakes were detected by the seismic network, including signals probably caused by the small rockfalls. Weather clouds mostly obscured satellite and webcam views; clear conditions during 23-24 August showed elected surface temperatures in satellite data. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw2eZf3mQ$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 20-26 August. Daily dense gray ash plumes rose 300-700 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Incandescence at the summit was visible in several nighttime webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybju3N7Q$> Katmai | United States | 58.279°N, 154.9533°W | Summit elev. 2047 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that on 26 August strong winds in the vicinity of Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes dispersed unconsolidated ash up to 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. to the NW. The ash was originally deposited during the Novarupta-Katmai eruption in 1912. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Katmai was initially considered to be the source of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ash flow in 1912. However, the 3 x 4 km caldera of 1912 is now known to have formed as a result of the voluminous eruption at nearby Novarupta volcano. The edifice had four NE-SW-trending summits, most of which were truncated by the 1912 collapse. Two or more large explosive eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Most of the two overlapping pre-1912 Katmai volcanoes are Pleistocene, but Holocene lava flows from a flank vent descend the SE flank of the SW edifice into the Katmai River canyon. The steep walled young caldera has a jagged rim that rises 500-1,000 m above the caldera floor and contains a deep lake. Lake waters have covered a small post-collapse lava dome (Horseshoe Island) that was seen on the caldera floor at the time of the initial ascent to the caldera rim in 1916. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw2eZf3mQ$> Kelimutu | Indonesia | 8.77°S, 121.82°E | Summit elev. 1639 m Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported a significant increase in the lake water temperature at Kelimutuâ??s Crater II (Tiwu Koofai Nuwamuri). The temperature of the lake water rose from 25.3 degrees Celsius (C) on 18 August to 34.2 degrees C on 26 August. A very strong sulfur odor accompanied the temperature increase along with the appearance of gas-and-steam on the lakeâ??s surface. The color of the lake water had not changed, remaining light blue. There was no significant change in seismicity. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was advised to limit activities near the craters, not approach the lake water, and to not spend the night in the craters. Geologic Summary. Kelimutu is a small, but well-known, Indonesian compound volcano in central Flores Island with three summit crater lakes of varying colors. The western lake, Tiwi Ata Mbupu (Lake of Old People) is commonly blue. Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Tai (Lake of Young Men and Maidens) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched, or Enchanted Lake), which share a common crater wall, are commonly colored green and red, respectively, although lake colors periodically vary. Active upwelling, probably fed by subaqueous fumaroles, occurs at the two eastern lakes. The scenic lakes are a popular tourist destination and have been the source of minor phreatic eruptions in historical time. The summit is elongated 2 km in a WNW-ESE direction; the older cones of Kelido (3 km N) and Kelibara (2 km S). Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybju3N7Q$> Kilauea | United States | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilaueaâ??s Kaluapele summit caldera, characterized by episodic fountaining, incandescence, and intermittent spatter at vents along the SW margin of Halemaâ??umaâ??u Crater, continued at variable levels during 19-26 August. Incandescence at the N vent and the cracks above it was visible during 19-21 August. Spattering at the N vent was visible overnight during 20-21 August. Spatter bursts, Strombolian jetting, and low dome fountains were intermittently visible in webcam images starting at 1615 on 21 August and continuing at least through the morning of 22 August. Lava overflows from the vent occurred during that time, specifically at 2046 on 21 August and at 0103 and 0124 on 22 August. Spattering at the N vent became continuous at around 0830 on 22 August and then intensified; by 1145 lava overflows became sustained. The spattering had built up a cone inside the N vent, sealing off part of the vent. Fountaining that began at 1404 was arcuate and about 30 m high, and within 15 minutes was feeding multiple lava flows on the caldera floor. Sometime around 1600-1700 low spatter fountains at the S vent produced small lava flows. At 1923 a new vent opened in the intermediate area of glowing cracks between the N and S vents. Fountains at both the S vent and the new vent generally rose less than 10 m, though fountains at the new vent intensified later in the evening and rose as high as 30 m. The S vent ceased erupting at around 0040 on 23 August, the intermediate vent ceased about two hours later at 0246, and the N vent ceased at 0252. Approximately 8,400,000 cubic meters of lava had erupted during the 12.6 hours of fountaining, at an average of 185 cubic meters per second. Lava flows covered more than 75 percent of the caldera floor. Minor incandescence at the cone and across the lava flow field was seen during 23-24 August and at the N vent during 23-25 August. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybYojByQ$> Kirishimayama | Japan | 31.934°N, 130.862°E | Summit elev. 1700 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that activity continued at Shinmoedake (Shinmoe peak, a stratovolcano of the Kirishimayama volcano group) during 18-25 August. The number of volcanic earthquakes located beneath Shinmoedake, first detected in late October 2024, continued to be frequent; no volcanic tremor was detected. White steam-and-ga plumes rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and as high as 50 m from the fissures on the W flank. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to exercise caution within 3 km from Shinmoedake Crater. Geologic Summary. Kirishimayama is a large group of more than 20 Quaternary volcanoes located north of Kagoshima Bay. The late-Pleistocene to Holocene dominantly andesitic group consists of stratovolcanoes, pyroclastic cones, maars, and underlying shield volcanoes located over an area of 20 x 30 km. The larger stratovolcanoes are scattered throughout the field, with the centrally located Karakunidake being the highest. Onamiike and Miike, the two largest maars, are located SW of Karakunidake and at its far eastern end, respectively. Holocene eruptions have been concentrated along an E-W line of vents from Miike to Ohachi, and at Shinmoedake to the NE. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the 8th century. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw439tl-Q$> Lewotolok | Indonesia | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruption at Lewotolok was ongoing during 20-26 August. Dense white-to-gray ash plumes rose 300-600 m above the summit of the cone and drifted W during 20-23 and 26 August. A nighttime webcam image at 2022 on 23 August showed incandescent material being ejected above the cone and onto the flanks. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybju3N7Q$> Poas | Costa Rica | 10.2°N, 84.233°W | Summit elev. 2697 m The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported continuing gas-and-steam emissions with occasional minor amounts of ash at Poás during 19-26 August. Variable incandescence at Boca A vent continued to be visible at night. The temperature of the gas-and-steam emissions at Boca A were measured with infrared webcam images, by drone, and at varying distances during field visits; the temperatures varied by a few hundred degrees Celusis day-to-day but remained at high levels, as high as 520 degrees during 16-22 August. The emissions drifted WSW. A period of continuous ash-and-gas emissions began at 0800 on 20 August and lasted for a few hours. The plumes rose 200 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. The volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxyj2XBjAA$> Reventador | Ecuador | 0.077°S, 77.656°W | Summit elev. 3562 m The Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Reventador during 19-26 August. Seismicity included 56-104 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Daily ash-and-gas plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images rose as high as 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions, though mainly NW, W, and SW. Webcams recorded multiple nightly instances of incandescent material descending the flanks as far as 1.1 km below the crater rim. Cloudy weather occasionally obscured views. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor to a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have left extensive deposits on the scarp slope. The largest recorded eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxyTzSHNSg$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxwFnQY-gw$> Sangay | Ecuador | 2.005°S, 78.341°W | Summit elev. 5286 m The Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that the eruption continued at Sangay during 19-26 August. The seismic network recorded 32-90 explosions each day. Ash-and-gas plumes were observed on most days in webcam and/or satellite images rising as high as 900 m above the summit and drifting mainly W and SW, though weather clouds often obscured views. Overnight during 19-20 and 22-23 August incandescent material was seen descending the NW flank as far as 600 m. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxyTzSHNSg$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxwFnQY-gw$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity continued at Semeru during 6-12 August, sometimes with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray or gray ash plumes rose 200-1,000 m above the summit and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit in all directions, 8 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 13 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxybju3N7Q$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported continuing eruptive activity at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 14-21 August. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images during 15-17 and 19 August; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://kvert.febras.net/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://kvert.febras.net/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxzFHy6roQ$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 18-25 August. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Eruptive events during 18-20 and 23-24 August produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. Explosions at 0120 and 0804 on 19 August, at 0914 and 1609 on 23 August, and at 2223 on 24 August produced ash plumes that rose 1.2-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions; plumes from the explosion at 2223 rose straight up. Large blocks were ejected 300 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to be cautious within 1.5 km of the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxw439tl-Q$> Turrialba | Costa Rica | 10.025°N, 83.767°W | Summit elev. 3340 m The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that small landslides from the inner walls of Turrialbaâ??s West Crater were detected at 0620, 0704, and 2119 on 21 August. The event at 0620 produced a small ash-and-gas plume that drifted W. Geologic Summary. Turrialba, the easternmost of Costa Rica's Holocene volcanoes, is a large vegetated basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano located across a broad saddle NE of Irazú volcano overlooking the city of Cartago. The massive edifice covers an area of 500 km2. Three well-defined craters occur at the upper SW end of a broad 800 x 2200 m summit depression that is breached to the NE. Most activity originated from the summit vent complex, but two pyroclastic cones are located on the SW flank. Five major explosive eruptions have occurred during the past 3500 years. A series of explosive eruptions during the 19th century were sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows. Fumarolic activity continues at the central and SW summit craters. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YJ4HGcslAR760AM7RojXyv_fpdB-m0ZFpwaPrqs8ze5hc_l7-PqiIHLSiQB3jyM8qyh22qahTw2KHWjjNxyj2XBjAA$> Ulawun | Papua New Guinea | 5.05°S, 151.33°E | Summit elev. 2334 m The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that activity at Ulawun was low during 1-20 August. Summit emissions occasionally observed during periods of clearer weather were characterized as white with variable densities; weather clouds obscured views of the summit on most days. There were reports of brief periods of minor summit incandescence observed from the Bakada and Likuranga areas to the NE, but those observations were unconfirmed. Seismicity was dominated by small low- and high-frequency volcanic earthquakes, with low-frequency earthquakes being the dominant signal. Occasionally periods of low-level volcanic tremors were recorded by the seismic network, lasting between one hour and several hours. The Alert Level remained at Stage 1 (the lowest level of a four-stage scale). Geologic Summary. The symmetrical basaltic-to-andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. The volcano, also known as the Father, rises above the N coast of the island of New Britain across a low saddle NE of Bamus volcano, the South Son. The upper 1,000 m is unvegetated. A prominent E-W escarpment on the south may be the result of large-scale slumping. Satellitic cones occupy the NW and E flanks. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the south of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater. Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) 3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). ASU - http://www.asu.edu/ PSU - http://pdx.edu/ GVP - https://volcano.si.edu/ IAVCEI - https://www.iavceivolcano.org/ To subscribe to the volcano list, send the message: subscribe volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message: signoff volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx. To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to: volcano@xxxxxxx. 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