4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 7-13 May 2025 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf6gMAvbJw$> New Activity/Unrest: Bezymianny, Russia | Bulusan, Philippines | Kanlaon, Philippines | Klyuchevskoy, Russia | Raung, Indonesia Ongoing Activity: Dukono, Indonesia | Etna, Italy | Fuego, Guatemala | Great Sitkin, United States | Home Reef, Tonga | Ibu, Indonesia | Karymsky, Russia | Kilauea, United States | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Lewotolok, Indonesia | Marapi, Indonesia | Merapi, Indonesia | Poas, Costa Rica | Sabancaya, Peru | Santa Maria, Guatemala | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Stromboli, Italy | Suwanosejima, Japan | Whakaari/White Island, New Zealand The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Bezymianny | Russia | 55.972°N, 160.595°E | Summit elev. 2882 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 1-8 May. According to the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), crater incandescence was visible during dark hours on most days, though weather clouds mostly obscured views during 5-6 May. Hot avalanches of material descended the flanks during 1-3 May. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The modern Bezymianny, much smaller than its massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi on the Kamchatka Peninsula, was formed about 4,700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an edifice built about 11,000-7,000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large open crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf7V8btGtQ$> Bulusan | Philippines | 12.769°N, 124.056°E | Summit elev. 1535 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Bulusan during 6-12 May. The seismic network recorded 18-124 daily volcanic earthquakes. Voluminous gas-and-steam emissions rose as high has 400 m above the summit and drifted NW, WNW, W, and WSW. Daily averages of sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 466 to 1,117 tonnes per day; emissions were not reported on 11 May. A special advisory was issued on 12 May due to increasing seismicity. From 0000 on 8 May until 1330 on 12 May the seismic network recorded 309 volcanic earthquakes; of those 287 were volcano-tectonic earthquakes indicating rock fracturing at shallow depths (less than 4 km) beneath the SE flank and 22 were low-frequency earthquakes associated with fluid movement. The Alert Level remained at 1 (the second lowest level on a scale of 0-5). The public was reminded not to enter the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and to be vigilant within the 2-km Extended Danger Zone (EDZ) on the SE flank. Geologic Summary. Luzon's southernmost volcano, Bulusan, was constructed along the rim of the 11-km-diameter dacitic-to-rhyolitic Irosin caldera, which was formed about 36,000 years ago. It lies at the SE end of the Bicol volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of the same name that forms the elongated SE tip of Luzon. A broad, flat moat is located below the topographically prominent SW rim of Irosin caldera; the NE rim is buried by the andesitic complex. Bulusan is flanked by several other large intracaldera lava domes and cones, including the prominent Mount Jormajan lava dome on the SW flank and Sharp Peak to the NE. The summit is unvegetated and contains a 300-m-wide, 50-m-deep crater. Three small craters are located on the SE flank. Many moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the mid-19th century. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4VePRAPw$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 6-13 May. Daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 554 to 3,055 tonnes per day. Gas-and-steam plumes with occasional ash content rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, SW, and SE. Periods of ash emissions were noted on 8 May (5 minutes) and 11 May (27 minutes). The seismic network recorded 5-10 daily volcanic earthquakes during 6-10 May and 63 volcanic earthquakes on 11 May. A total of 135 volcanic earthquakes were detected by the seismic network from 0000 on 11 May to 1200 on 12 May, including relatively strong volcanic-tectonic earthquakes, indicating rock fracturing due to rising magma or gases. A total of 72 volcanic earthquakes (M 0.3-3.1) recorded during 0000-1200 on 12 May were located 0-8 km beneath the N and NW flanks. PHIVOLCS issued an advisory at 1330 on 12 May noting increased seismicity. A moderately explosive eruption began at 0255 on 13 May and lasted for five minutes based on seismic and infrasound data. Audible rumbling sounds were heard in barangays in Negros Oriental, including Pula and Canlaon City (10 km ESE), and in La Castellana (16 km SW) in Negros Occidental. A voluminous grayish ash plume rose about 4.5 km above the summit and drifted SW. Incandescent pyroclastic density currents descended the S flanks as far as 2 km based on visual and thermal camera monitoring. Large fragments were ejected from the crater a few hundred meters and set vegetation near the summit on fire. Minor ashfall was reported in the barangays of Yubo and Ara-al (La Carlota City, 14 km W), in Ilijan and Binubuhan (Bago City, 30 km NW), and in Biak-na-Bato, Sag-ang, and Mansalanao (La Castellana). According to news articles additional reports of ashfall came from San Carlos City (31 km ENE) and Bacolod (35 km NW), as well from the municipalities of Murcia (24 km NW), San Enrique (29 km W), Valladolid (34 km W), Pontevedra (29 km WSW), Hinigaran (35 km SW), and Binalbagan (38 km SW). A sulfur odor was also reported in several localities. According to the Tokyo VAAC the ash plume rose to 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l., or 5.5 km above the summit. Dozens of flights in and out of the affected areas were cancelled, and others delayed or rerouted, during 13-14 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4VePRAPw$> ; Philippine News Agency (PNA) https://www.pna.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.pna.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5muKS9Tw$> https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1250022 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1250022__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf7kl_UXgg$> ; Air Asia https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2025/5/13/airasia-philippines-issues-flight-disruption-advisory-due-to-mt-kanlaons-explosion#gsc.tab=0 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2025/5/13/airasia-philippines-issues-flight-disruption-advisory-due-to-mt-kanlaons-explosion*gsc.tab=0__;Iw!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5VgTEz4g$> ; Cebu Pacific https://www.cebupacificair.com/en-PH/pages/travel-advisories/2025/Cancelled-Flights-Due-to-Eruption-of-Mt-Kanlaon <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.cebupacificair.com/en-PH/pages/travel-advisories/2025/Cancelled-Flights-Due-to-Eruption-of-Mt-Kanlaon__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4rus0vbA$> ; Philippine Airlines https://www.philippineairlines.com/us/en/newsevent-listingpage/travel-advisory/bacolod-flights-cancelled-due-to-mt-kanlaon-eruption.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.philippineairlines.com/us/en/newsevent-listingpage/travel-advisory/bacolod-flights-cancelled-due-to-mt-kanlaon-eruption.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf7pCT0NPw$> ; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/vaac_list.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4qV2g2GA$> Klyuchevskoy | Russia | 56.056°N, 160.642°E | Summit elev. 4754 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly at Klyuchevskoy was identified in satellite images during 1, 4, and 6-8 May. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy is the highest and most active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Since its origin about 6,000 years ago, this symmetrical, basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of Kamen volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank eruptions have occurred during approximately the past 3,000 years, with most lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 and 3,600 m elevation. Eruptions recorded since the late 17th century have resulted in frequent changes to the morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater. These eruptions over the past 400 years have originated primarily from the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and effusive eruptions from flank craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf7V8btGtQ$> Raung | Indonesia | 8.119°S, 114.056°E | Summit elev. 3260 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that at 0509 on 9 May an ash plume rose around 1 km above Raungâ??s summit crater rim and drifted N and NW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater. Geologic Summary. Raung, one of Java's most active volcanoes, is a massive stratovolcano in easternmost Java that was constructed SW of the rim of Ijen caldera. The unvegetated summit is truncated by a dramatic steep-walled, 2-km-wide caldera that has been the site of frequent historical eruptions. A prehistoric collapse of Gunung Gadung on the W flank produced a large debris avalanche that traveled 79 km, reaching nearly to the Indian Ocean. Raung contains several centers constructed along a NE-SW line, with Gunung Suket and Gunung Gadung stratovolcanoes being located to the NE and W, respectively. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Ongoing Activity Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Dukono continued during 7-13 May. Daily gas-and-ash plumes rose 100-1,500 m above the summit and drifted E, SE, and S. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater. Geologic Summary. The Dukono complex in northern Halmahera is on an edifice with a broad, low profile containing multiple peaks and overlapping craters. Almost continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the Gunung Mamuya cone, 10 km NE. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also had reported eruptions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Etna | Italy | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported continuing eruptive activity at Etnaâ??s SE Crater and gas emissions at Bocca Nuova Crater, NE Crater, and Voragine during 5-11 May. Strombolian activity at SE Crater began in the late morning of 5 May, though weather clouds obscured visual observations. An eruption cloud drifted downwind and caused minor ashfall along the ENE flank reaching the town of Fiumefreddo di Sicilia, 19 km ENE. Two small lava flows descend the flank of SE Crater with the shorter flow to the S. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5ddjZlzQ$> Fuego | Guatemala | 14.4748°N, 90.8806°W | Summit elev. 3799 m The Instituto Nacional de SismologÃa, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e HidrologÃa (INSIVUMEH) reported continued eruptive activity at Fuego during 6-13 May. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network at rates of 1-8 per hour. Incandescent material was observed at night being ejected 100-300 m above the summit. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the summit and drifted as far as 30 km W and SW. Rumbling sounds and shock waves were occasionally reported. Explosions sometimes generated block avalanches around the crater that descended the Santa Teresa (W) and Ceniza (SSW) drainages. Ashfall was reported in Panimache I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), El Porvenir (11 km SW), Finca la Asunción (12 km SW), and surrounding areas on a few of the days. During the afternoon of 10 May a lahar descended the Ceniza drainage, carrying tree branches, trunks, and blocks as large as 3 m in diameter. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4KchAlqw$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 7-13 May. Small daily earthquakes were detected by the seismic network. No unusual activity was observed in satellite and webcam views, though weather clouds often obscured views of the volcano. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5vjpEb-w$> Home Reef | Tonga | 18.992°S, 174.775°W | Summit elev. -10 m The Tonga Geological Services reported continuing activity at Home Reef during 3-11 May. Moderate thermal anomalies were detected by the Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) system only on 4 May, though persistent weather clouds hindered observations. Infrasound instruments did not detect any signals. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale, the Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-level scale) with advice to stay at least 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) from the island, and the Alert Level for residents of Vavaâ??u and Haâ??apai remained at Green (the first level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. Home Reef, a submarine volcano midway between Metis Shoal and Late Island in the central Tonga islands, was first reported active in the mid-19th century, when an ephemeral island formed. An eruption in 1984 produced a 12-km-high eruption plume, large amounts of floating pumice, and an ephemeral 500 x 1,500 m island, with cliffs 30-50 m high that enclosed a water-filled crater. In 2006 an island-forming eruption produced widespread dacitic pumice rafts that drifted as far as Australia. Another island was built during a September-October 2022 eruption. Source: Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf6gIwUNGg$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 7-13 May. Daily gray, white-to-gray, or white-to-brown ash plumes rose 300-800 m above the summit and drifted in various directions. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in some webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that thermal anomalies over Karymsky were identified in satellite images during 1-3 and 7 May. Ash clouds drifted 25 km E on 1 May. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf7V8btGtQ$> Kilauea | United States | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilaueaâ??s Kaluapele summit caldera, from two vents along the SW margin of Halemaâ??umaâ??u Crater, continued at variable levels during 7-13 May. Visible incandescence from the 6 May lava flows on the crater floor decreased during 7-9 May. Incandescence at both the N and S vents was visible during 7-11 May. Occasional spattering at the N vent occurred during 0400-0530 on 9 May. Intermittent spatter, hydrogen flames, and low-level lava fountains were observed at the N vent overnight during 10-11 May. Lava fountaining was observed specifically at 0420, 0530, 0800, 0830, and 0910 on 11 May, and followed by additional numerous small fountains. The last three specified events were characterized by cycles of dome fountaining, lava ponding, and lava drainbacks. Sustained lava fountains that began at 1245 quickly grew in vigor and height, rising over 150 m within an hour. Intense sulfur dioxide emissions (estimated to be around 50,000 tonnes per day) accompanied the ejection of tephra and the formation of Peleâ??s Hair. Lava flows advanced more than 1 km along the N edge of the crater floor. The fountain heights cycled from 60 m to more than 150 m at about 10-minute intervals during 1400-1600, recorded as oscillations in tremor data. After 1600 the height was more consistent, averaging 120 m until the activity ceased at 2034. Overall, fountaining was sustained for seven hours and 51 minutes. Minor fountaining to 15 m began at the S vent just before the activity at the N vent ceased, and then stopped at 2036. Lava covered about 50 percent of the crater floor. Incandescence at both the N and S vents was visible overnight during 11-12 May. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4XUa_ulg$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi Laki-laki continued during 7-13 May. Daily white plumes rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and drifted in various directions. At 2017 on 11 May a dense gray ash plume rose 300 m above the crater rim and drifted N and NE. The eruptive event lasted 55 seconds based on seismic data. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the center of Laki-laki. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Lewotolok | Indonesia | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruption at Lewotolok was ongoing during 6-13 May. Daily white steam-and-gas plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit of the cone and drifted in multiple directions. A few nighttime webcam images showed incandescent material being ejected above the summit. At 1235 on 11 May a white-and-gray ash plume rose around 500 m above the summit and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away on the S, SE, and W flanks. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity from Verbeek Crater at Marapi (on Sumatra) continued during 7-13 May. On 7 May dense gray-and-white ash plumes rose as high as 500 m above the crater rim and drifted N and NE. On 8 May white-and-brown ash plumes rose 250-400 m above the crater rim and drifted NE, E, and SE. White plumes were visible rising as high as 150 m above the crater rim during 9-11 May and drifted E, SE, and S. At 0310 on 12 May a dense gray ash plume rose 600 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 2-8 May. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 41 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 10 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 73 that traveled as far as 2 km W down the Sat/Putih drainage. Small morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulted from continuing effusion and minor collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf6BVT8h7w$> Poas | Costa Rica | 10.2°N, 84.233°W | Summit elev. 2697 m The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported continuing gas-and-steam emissions that occasionally contained ash Poás during 6-13 May. Inflation continued to be detected. Sulfur dioxide emissions were as high as 1,703 tons per day (t/d) on 6 May. Some water had pooled at Boca C and was bubbling based on a drone observation that same day. Ash was very low or not detected in the steam-and-gas plumes during 5-7 May. Overnight during 7-8 May incandescence reflected in the emissions from sulfur combustion suggested temperatures less than 300 degrees Celsius. A significant eruptive event was detected in seismic and acoustic data at 1404 on 8 May and lasted for two minutes. Weather conditions prevented direct visual observations of the event, though the seismic and acoustic data suggested an ash-and-gas plume rising into the 1-4 km high range; wind direction was to the SW. Bubbling at Boca C was again observed. Overnight during 8-9 May intense incandescence emanated from Boca A and a dense steam plume with minor ash content was observed. Continuous gas-and-steam plumes drifted SW during 12-13 May; the plumes were more intense from Boca A, where overnight incandescence was also observed. The volcanoâ??s Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf57OUm2Fg$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m The Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported low levels of unrest at Sabancaya during 5-11 May, with no explosions, thermal anomalies, or significant deformation. Gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km SW and SE. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at low levels, averaging 211 tons per day. The Alert Level was lowered to Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) on 12 May and the public was warned to stay outside of a 6 km radius from the summit. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf6Yis4P6w$> Santa Maria | Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m The Instituto Nacional de SismologÃa, VulcanologÃa, MeteorologÃa e HidrologÃa (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito dome complex during 6-13 May with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as five per hour when reported, sometimes generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1 km above the dome and possibly drifted as far as 15 km E, S, SW, and W. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended multiple flanks; the collapsed material sometimes produced short pyroclastic flows. Incandescence was visible at Caliente dome and upper part of the SW flank lava flow. During the evening of 10 May heavy rainfall generated lahars in the Tambor drainage (SSW) that carried blocks up to 1 m in diameter mixed with fine sediment, tree trunks, and branches. Ashfall was reported in San Marcos (10 km SW), Loma Linda (7 km W), and Palajunoj (17 km SSW) during 12-13 May. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4KchAlqw$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity continued at Semeru during 7-13 May, with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose 400-1,000 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather clouds mostly obscured views on 7 May. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5YHSUhEg$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 1-8 May. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images almost daily. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf7V8btGtQ$> Stromboli | Italy | 38.789°N, 15.213°E | Summit elev. 924 m The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 5-11 May. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at four vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce low- to medium-intensity explosions at a rate of 6-9 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 150 m above the vents. Low- to medium-intensity explosions at the vents in Area C-S ejected ash, bombs, and lapilli above the vent at a rate of 2-5 events per hour. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) according to the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile. Geologic Summary. Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean" in the NE Aeolian Islands. This volcano has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small island is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent scarp that formed about 5,000 years ago due to a series of slope failures which extends to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded for more than a millennium. Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf5ddjZlzQ$> ; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf47sk7Lng$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 5-12 May. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. No explosions were detected, though plumes from eruptive events rose 900 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to be cautious within 1.5 km of the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf4IdStVOg$> Whakaari/White Island | New Zealand | 37.52°S, 177.18°E | Summit elev. 294 m On 13 May GeoNet reported near-continuous emissions of gas, steam, and minor amounts of ash at Whakaari/White Island based on visual observations during overflights, visual observations from the Bay of Plenty coast, and from webcams located at Whakatane and Te Kaha. Additionally, minor amounts of ash were identified in satellite data as reported by the Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). As seen from the coast, the plume occasionally rose 300-600 m above the summit during calm weather conditions, but during windier conditions the plume was lower and was visible downwind for tens of kilometers. Flights were occasionally canceled due to ash in the air. During overflights, scientists observed that the vent has not notably changed in size or shape. Although the vent temperature had increased to 460 degrees Celsius, it was still below the high of 650 degrees Celsius recorded in 2020 and 2021. Elevated temperatures were visible at night in the Te Kaha camera near infrared images. There were fewer new impact craters around the vent, suggesting less explosive activity. Temperature measurements, sulfur dioxide emissions identified in satellite data, and the amount of ash in the emissions remained steady over the past few months. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). GeoNet stated that the Alert Levels were reflective of the current level of activity, but there was uncertainty due to the lack of consistent, usable, real-time monitoring data; GeoNet relies on remote cameras, satellite images, and periodic overflights to monitor Whakaari. Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826 have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island (referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769. Source: GeoNet http://www.geonet.org.nz/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eCgYmhA-wO6dRZ6IGNVvHKHDZW0neCCV9j58Q_4AZSaY4Kawu1o58Ltuc-7UFSiCvI14iK5Gz8hdEOz1Xf66CZfaeg$> 4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). ASU - http://www.asu.edu/ PSU - http://pdx.edu/ GVP - https://volcano.si.edu/ IAVCEI - https://www.iavceivolcano.org/ To subscribe to the volcano list, send the message: subscribe volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message: signoff volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx. 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