Thanks a lot Darrick, I'm very glad this worked out in the end
L.
On Tue, Aug 12, 2025 at 9:14 PM Darrick J. Wong <djwong@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> On Wed, Jul 30, 2025 at 06:12:22PM +0200, Luca Di Maio wrote:
> > This patch implements the functionality to populate a newly created XFS
> > filesystem directly from an existing directory structure.
> >
> > It resuses existing protofile logic, it branches if input is a
> > directory.
> >
> > The population process steps are as follows:
> > - create the root inode before populating content
> > - recursively process nested directories
> > - handle regular files, directories, symlinks, char devices, block
> > devices, sockets, fifos
> > - preserve attributes (ownership, permissions)
> > - preserve mtime timestamps from source files to maintain file history
> > - use current time for atime/ctime/crtime
> > - possible to specify atime=1 to preserve atime timestamps from
> > source files
> > - preserve extended attributes and fsxattrs for all file types
> > - preserve hardlinks
> >
> > At the moment, the implementation for the hardlink tracking is very
> > simple, as it involves a linear search.
> > from my local testing using larger source directories
> > (1.3mln inodes, ~400k hardlinks) the difference was actually
> > just a few seconds (given that most of the time is doing i/o).
> > We might want to revisit that in the future if this becomes a
> > bottleneck.
> >
> > This functionality makes it easier to create populated filesystems
> > without having to mount them, it's particularly useful for
> > reproducible builds.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Luca Di Maio <luca.dimaio1@xxxxxxxxx>
>
> Looks good to me at long last,
> Reviewed-by: "Darrick J. Wong" <djwong@xxxxxxxxxx>
>
> Thank you very much for filling this functionality gap!
>
> --D
>
> > ---
> > man/man8/mkfs.xfs.8.in | 38 +-
> > mkfs/proto.c | 771 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
> > mkfs/proto.h | 18 +-
> > mkfs/xfs_mkfs.c | 23 +-
> > 4 files changed, 817 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/man/man8/mkfs.xfs.8.in b/man/man8/mkfs.xfs.8.in
> > index bc804931..4497468f 100644
> > --- a/man/man8/mkfs.xfs.8.in
> > +++ b/man/man8/mkfs.xfs.8.in
> > @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ mkfs.xfs \- construct an XFS filesystem
> > .I naming_options
> > ] [
> > .B \-p
> > -.I protofile_options
> > +.I prototype_options
> > ] [
> > .B \-q
> > ] [
> > @@ -977,30 +977,40 @@ option set.
> > .PP
> > .PD 0
> > .TP
> > -.BI \-p " protofile_options"
> > +.BI \-p " prototype_options"
> > .TP
> > .BI "Section Name: " [proto]
> > .PD
> > -These options specify the protofile parameters for populating the filesystem.
> > +These options specify the prototype parameters for populating the filesystem.
> > The valid
> > -.I protofile_options
> > +.I prototype_options
> > are:
> > .RS 1.2i
> > .TP
> > -.BI [file=] protofile
> > +.BI [file=]
> > The
> > .B file=
> > prefix is not required for this CLI argument for legacy reasons.
> > If specified as a config file directive, the prefix is required.
> > -
> > +.TP
> > +.BI [file=] directory
> > If the optional
> > .PD
> > -.I protofile
> > -argument is given,
> > +.I prototype
> > +argument is given, and it's a directory,
> > .B mkfs.xfs
> > -uses
> > -.I protofile
> > -as a prototype file and takes its directions from that file.
> > +will populate the root file system with the contents of the given directory
> > +tree.
> > +Content, timestamps (atime, mtime), attributes and extended attributes
> > +are preserved for all file types.
> > +.TP
> > +.BI [file=] protofile
> > +If the optional
> > +.PD
> > +.I prototype
> > +argument is given, and points to a regular file,
> > +.B mkfs.xfs
> > +uses it as a prototype file and takes its directions from that file.
> > The blocks and inodes specifiers in the
> > .I protofile
> > are provided for backwards compatibility, but are otherwise unused.
> > @@ -1136,8 +1146,12 @@ always terminated with the dollar (
> > .B $
> > ) token.
> > .TP
> > +.BI atime= value
> > +If set to 1, mkfs will copy in access timestamps from the source files.
> > +Otherwise, access timestamps will be set to the current time.
> > +.TP
> > .BI slashes_are_spaces= value
> > -If set to 1, slashes ("/") in the first token of each line of the protofile
> > +If set to 1, slashes ("/") in the first token of each line of the prototype file
> > are converted to spaces.
> > This enables the creation of a filesystem containing filenames with spaces.
> > By default, this is set to 0.
> > diff --git a/mkfs/proto.c b/mkfs/proto.c
> > index 7f80bef8..bd73d38c 100644
> > --- a/mkfs/proto.c
> > +++ b/mkfs/proto.c
> > @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
> > */
> >
> > #include "libxfs.h"
> > +#include <dirent.h>
> > +#include <sys/resource.h>
> > #include <sys/stat.h>
> > #include <sys/xattr.h>
> > #include <linux/xattr.h>
> > @@ -21,6 +23,11 @@ static void rsvfile(xfs_mount_t *mp, xfs_inode_t *ip, long long len);
> > static int newregfile(char **pp, char **fname);
> > static void rtinit(xfs_mount_t *mp);
> > static off_t filesize(int fd);
> > +static void populate_from_dir(struct xfs_mount *mp, struct fsxattr *fsxp,
> > + char *source_dir);
> > +static void walk_dir(struct xfs_mount *mp, struct xfs_inode *pip,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp, char *path_buf, int path_len);
> > +static int preserve_atime;
> > static int slashes_are_spaces;
> >
> > /*
> > @@ -54,23 +61,49 @@ getnum(
> > return i;
> > }
> >
> > -char *
> > +struct proto_source
> > setup_proto(
> > - char *fname)
> > + char *fname)
> > {
> > - char *buf = NULL;
> > - static char dflt[] = "d--755 0 0 $";
> > - int fd;
> > - long size;
> > + struct proto_source result = {};
> > + struct stat statbuf;
> > + char *buf = NULL;
> > + static char dflt[] = "d--755 0 0 $";
> > + int fd;
> > + long size;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * If no prototype path is supplied, use the default protofile which
> > + * creates only a root directory.
> > + */
> > + if (!fname) {
> > + result.type = PROTO_SRC_PROTOFILE;
> > + result.data = dflt;
> > + return result;
> > + }
> >
> > - if (!fname)
> > - return dflt;
> > if ((fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY)) < 0 || (size = filesize(fd)) < 0) {
> > fprintf(stderr, _("%s: failed to open %s: %s\n"),
> > progname, fname, strerror(errno));
> > goto out_fail;
> > }
> >
> > + if (fstat(fd, &statbuf) < 0)
> > + fail(_("invalid or unreadable source path"), errno);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Handle directory inputs.
> > + */
> > + if (S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode)) {
> > + close(fd);
> > + result.type = PROTO_SRC_DIR;
> > + result.data = fname;
> > + return result;
> > + }
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Else this is a protofile, let's handle traditionally.
> > + */
> > buf = malloc(size + 1);
> > if (read(fd, buf, size) < size) {
> > fprintf(stderr, _("%s: read failed on %s: %s\n"),
> > @@ -90,7 +123,10 @@ setup_proto(
> > (void)getnum(getstr(&buf), 0, 0, false); /* block count */
> > (void)getnum(getstr(&buf), 0, 0, false); /* inode count */
> > close(fd);
> > - return buf;
> > +
> > + result.type = PROTO_SRC_PROTOFILE;
> > + result.data = buf;
> > + return result;
> >
> > out_fail:
> > if (fd >= 0)
> > @@ -379,6 +415,13 @@ writeattr(
> > int error;
> >
> > ret = fgetxattr(fd, attrname, valuebuf, valuelen);
> > + /*
> > + * In case of filedescriptors with O_PATH, fgetxattr() will fail with
> > + * EBADF.
> > + * Let's try to fallback to lgetxattr() using input path.
> > + */
> > + if (ret < 0 && errno == EBADF)
> > + ret = lgetxattr(fname, attrname, valuebuf, valuelen);
> > if (ret < 0) {
> > if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP)
> > return;
> > @@ -425,6 +468,13 @@ writeattrs(
> > fail(_("error allocating xattr name buffer"), errno);
> >
> > ret = flistxattr(fd, namebuf, XATTR_LIST_MAX);
> > + /*
> > + * In case of filedescriptors with O_PATH, flistxattr() will fail with
> > + * EBADF.
> > + * Let's try to fallback to llistxattr() using input path.
> > + */
> > + if (ret < 0 && errno == EBADF)
> > + ret = llistxattr(fname, namebuf, XATTR_LIST_MAX);
> > if (ret < 0) {
> > if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP)
> > goto out_namebuf;
> > @@ -931,13 +981,29 @@ parseproto(
> >
> > void
> > parse_proto(
> > - xfs_mount_t *mp,
> > - struct fsxattr *fsx,
> > - char **pp,
> > - int proto_slashes_are_spaces)
> > + xfs_mount_t *mp,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsx,
> > + struct proto_source *protosource,
> > + int proto_slashes_are_spaces,
> > + int proto_preserve_atime)
> > {
> > + preserve_atime = proto_preserve_atime;
> > slashes_are_spaces = proto_slashes_are_spaces;
> > - parseproto(mp, NULL, fsx, pp, NULL);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * In case of a file input, we will use the prototype file logic else
> > + * we will fallback to populate from dir.
> > + */
> > + switch(protosource->type) {
> > + case PROTO_SRC_PROTOFILE:
> > + parseproto(mp, NULL, fsx, &protosource->data, NULL);
> > + break;
> > + case PROTO_SRC_DIR:
> > + populate_from_dir(mp, fsx, protosource->data);
> > + break;
> > + case PROTO_SRC_NONE:
> > + fail(_("invalid or unreadable source path"), ENOENT);
> > + }
> > }
> >
> > /* Create a sb-rooted metadata file. */
> > @@ -1172,3 +1238,680 @@ filesize(
> > return -1;
> > return stb.st_size;
> > }
> > +
> > +/* Try to allow as many open directories as possible. */
> > +static void
> > +bump_max_fds(void)
> > +{
> > + struct rlimit rlim = {};
> > + int ret;
> > +
> > + ret = getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
> > + if (ret)
> > + return;
> > +
> > + rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max;
> > + ret = setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
> > + if (ret < 0)
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not bump fd limit: [ %d - %s]\n"),
> > + progname, errno, strerror(errno));
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +writefsxattrs(
> > + struct xfs_inode *ip,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp)
> > +{
> > + ip->i_projid = fsxp->fsx_projid;
> > + ip->i_extsize = fsxp->fsx_extsize;
> > + ip->i_diflags = xfs_flags2diflags(ip, fsxp->fsx_xflags);
> > + if (xfs_has_v3inodes(ip->i_mount)) {
> > + ip->i_diflags2 = xfs_flags2diflags2(ip, fsxp->fsx_xflags);
> > + ip->i_cowextsize = fsxp->fsx_cowextsize;
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +writetimestamps(
> > + struct xfs_inode *ip,
> > + struct stat *statbuf)
> > +{
> > + struct timespec64 ts;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Copy timestamps from source file to destination inode.
> > + * Usually reproducible archives will delete or not register
> > + * atime and ctime, for example:
> > + * https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_section/Reproducibility.html
> > + * hence we will only copy mtime, and let ctime/crtime be set to
> > + * current time.
> > + * atime will be copied over if atime is true.
> > + */
> > + ts.tv_sec = statbuf->st_mtim.tv_sec;
> > + ts.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_mtim.tv_nsec;
> > + inode_set_mtime_to_ts(VFS_I(ip), ts);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * In case of atime option, we will copy the atime timestamp
> > + * from source.
> > + */
> > + if (preserve_atime) {
> > + ts.tv_sec = statbuf->st_atim.tv_sec;
> > + ts.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_atim.tv_nsec;
> > + inode_set_atime_to_ts(VFS_I(ip), ts);
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +struct hardlink {
> > + ino_t src_ino;
> > + xfs_ino_t dst_ino;
> > +};
> > +
> > +struct hardlinks {
> > + size_t count;
> > + size_t size;
> > + struct hardlink *entries;
> > +};
> > +
> > +/* Growth strategy for hardlink tracking array */
> > +/* Double size for small arrays */
> > +#define HARDLINK_DEFAULT_GROWTH_FACTOR 2
> > +/* Grow by 25% for large arrays */
> > +#define HARDLINK_LARGE_GROWTH_FACTOR 0.25
> > +/* Threshold to switch growth strategies */
> > +#define HARDLINK_THRESHOLD 1024
> > +/* Initial allocation size */
> > +#define HARDLINK_TRACKER_INITIAL_SIZE 4096
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Keep track of source inodes that are from hardlinks so we can retrieve them
> > + * when needed to setup in destination.
> > + */
> > +static struct hardlinks hardlink_tracker = { 0 };
> > +
> > +static void
> > +init_hardlink_tracker(void)
> > +{
> > + hardlink_tracker.size = HARDLINK_TRACKER_INITIAL_SIZE;
> > + hardlink_tracker.entries = calloc(
> > + hardlink_tracker.size,
> > + sizeof(struct hardlink));
> > + if (!hardlink_tracker.entries)
> > + fail(_("error allocating hardlinks tracking array"), errno);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +cleanup_hardlink_tracker(void)
> > +{
> > + free(hardlink_tracker.entries);
> > + hardlink_tracker.entries = NULL;
> > + hardlink_tracker.count = 0;
> > + hardlink_tracker.size = 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static xfs_ino_t
> > +get_hardlink_dst_inode(
> > + xfs_ino_t i_ino)
> > +{
> > + for (size_t i = 0; i < hardlink_tracker.count; i++) {
> > + if (hardlink_tracker.entries[i].src_ino == i_ino)
> > + return hardlink_tracker.entries[i].dst_ino;
> > + }
> > + return 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +track_hardlink_inode(
> > + ino_t src_ino,
> > + xfs_ino_t dst_ino)
> > +{
> > + if (hardlink_tracker.count >= hardlink_tracker.size) {
> > + /*
> > + * double for smaller capacity.
> > + * instead grow by 25% steps for larger capacities.
> > + */
> > + const size_t old_size = hardlink_tracker.size;
> > + size_t new_size = old_size * HARDLINK_DEFAULT_GROWTH_FACTOR;
> > + if (old_size > HARDLINK_THRESHOLD)
> > + new_size = old_size + (old_size * HARDLINK_LARGE_GROWTH_FACTOR);
> > +
> > + struct hardlink *resized_array = reallocarray(
> > + hardlink_tracker.entries,
> > + new_size,
> > + sizeof(struct hardlink));
> > + if (!resized_array)
> > + fail(_("error enlarging hardlinks tracking array"), errno);
> > +
> > + memset(&resized_array[old_size], 0,
> > + (new_size - old_size) * sizeof(struct hardlink));
> > +
> > + hardlink_tracker.entries = resized_array;
> > + hardlink_tracker.size = new_size;
> > + }
> > + hardlink_tracker.entries[hardlink_tracker.count].src_ino = src_ino;
> > + hardlink_tracker.entries[hardlink_tracker.count].dst_ino = dst_ino;
> > + hardlink_tracker.count++;
> > +}
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * This function will first check in our tracker if the input hardlink has
> > + * already been stored, if not report false so create_nondir_inode() can continue
> > + * handling the inode as regularly, and later save the source inode in our
> > + * buffer for future consumption.
> > + */
> > +static bool
> > +handle_hardlink(
> > + struct xfs_mount *mp,
> > + struct xfs_inode *pip,
> > + struct xfs_name xname,
> > + struct stat file_stat)
> > +{
> > + int error;
> > + xfs_ino_t dst_ino;
> > + struct xfs_inode *ip;
> > + struct xfs_trans *tp;
> > + struct xfs_parent_args *ppargs = NULL;
> > +
> > + tp = getres(mp, 0);
> > + ppargs = newpptr(mp);
> > + dst_ino = get_hardlink_dst_inode(file_stat.st_ino);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * We didn't find the hardlink inode, this means it's the first time
> > + * we see it, report error so create_nondir_inode() can continue handling the
> > + * inode as a regular file type, and later save the source inode in our
> > + * buffer for future consumption.
> > + */
> > + if (dst_ino == 0)
> > + return false;
> > +
> > + error = libxfs_iget(mp, NULL, dst_ino, 0, &ip);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("failed to get inode"), error);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * In case the inode was already in our tracker we need to setup the
> > + * hardlink and skip file copy.
> > + */
> > + libxfs_trans_ijoin(tp, pip, 0);
> > + libxfs_trans_ijoin(tp, ip, 0);
> > + newdirent(mp, tp, pip, &xname, ip, ppargs);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Increment the link count
> > + */
> > + libxfs_bumplink(tp, ip);
> > +
> > + libxfs_trans_log_inode(tp, ip, XFS_ILOG_CORE);
> > +
> > + error = -libxfs_trans_commit(tp);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Error encountered creating file from prototype file"), error);
> > +
> > + libxfs_parent_finish(mp, ppargs);
> > + libxfs_irele(ip);
> > +
> > + return true;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +create_directory_inode(
> > + struct xfs_mount *mp,
> > + struct xfs_inode *pip,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp,
> > + int mode,
> > + struct cred creds,
> > + struct xfs_name xname,
> > + int flags,
> > + struct stat file_stat,
> > + int fd,
> > + char *entryname,
> > + char *path_buf,
> > + int path_len)
> > +{
> > +
> > + int error;
> > + struct xfs_inode *ip;
> > + struct xfs_trans *tp;
> > + struct xfs_parent_args *ppargs = NULL;
> > +
> > + tp = getres(mp, 0);
> > + ppargs = newpptr(mp);
> > +
> > + error = creatproto(&tp, pip, mode, 0, &creds, fsxp, &ip);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Inode allocation failed"), error);
> > +
> > + libxfs_trans_ijoin(tp, pip, 0);
> > +
> > + newdirent(mp, tp, pip, &xname, ip, ppargs);
> > +
> > + libxfs_bumplink(tp, pip);
> > + libxfs_trans_log_inode(tp, pip, XFS_ILOG_CORE);
> > + newdirectory(mp, tp, ip, pip);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Copy over timestamps.
> > + */
> > + writetimestamps(ip, &file_stat);
> > +
> > + libxfs_trans_log_inode(tp, ip, flags);
> > +
> > + error = -libxfs_trans_commit(tp);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Directory inode allocation failed."), error);
> > +
> > + libxfs_parent_finish(mp, ppargs);
> > + tp = NULL;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Copy over attributes.
> > + */
> > + writeattrs(ip, entryname, fd);
> > + writefsxattrs(ip, fsxp);
> > + close(fd);
> > +
> > + walk_dir(mp, ip, fsxp, path_buf, path_len);
> > +
> > + libxfs_irele(ip);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +create_nondir_inode(
> > + struct xfs_mount *mp,
> > + struct xfs_inode *pip,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp,
> > + int mode,
> > + struct cred creds,
> > + struct xfs_name xname,
> > + int flags,
> > + struct stat file_stat,
> > + xfs_dev_t rdev,
> > + int fd,
> > + char *src_fname)
> > +{
> > +
> > + char link_target[XFS_SYMLINK_MAXLEN];
> > + int error;
> > + ssize_t link_len = 0;
> > + struct xfs_inode *ip;
> > + struct xfs_trans *tp;
> > + struct xfs_parent_args *ppargs = NULL;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * If handle_hardlink() returns true it means the hardlink has been
> > + * correctly found and set, so we don't need to do anything else.
> > + */
> > + if (file_stat.st_nlink > 1 && handle_hardlink(mp, pip, xname, file_stat)) {
> > + close(fd);
> > + return;
> > + }
> > + /*
> > + * If instead we have an error it means the hardlink was not registered,
> > + * so we proceed to treat it like a regular file, and save it to our
> > + * tracker later.
> > + */
> > + tp = getres(mp, 0);
> > + /*
> > + * In case of symlinks, we need to handle things a little differently.
> > + * We need to read out our link target and act accordingly.
> > + */
> > + if (xname.type == XFS_DIR3_FT_SYMLINK) {
> > + link_len = readlink(src_fname, link_target, XFS_SYMLINK_MAXLEN);
> > + if (link_len < 0)
> > + fail(_("could not resolve symlink"), errno);
> > + if (link_len >= PATH_MAX)
> > + fail(_("symlink target too long"), ENAMETOOLONG);
> > + tp = getres(mp, XFS_B_TO_FSB(mp, link_len));
> > + }
> > + ppargs = newpptr(mp);
> > +
> > + error = creatproto(&tp, pip, mode, rdev, &creds, fsxp, &ip);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Inode allocation failed"), error);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * In case of symlinks, we now write it down, for other file types
> > + * this is handled later before cleanup.
> > + */
> > + if (xname.type == XFS_DIR3_FT_SYMLINK)
> > + writesymlink(tp, ip, link_target, link_len);
> > +
> > + libxfs_trans_ijoin(tp, pip, 0);
> > + newdirent(mp, tp, pip, &xname, ip, ppargs);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Copy over timestamps.
> > + */
> > + writetimestamps(ip, &file_stat);
> > +
> > + libxfs_trans_log_inode(tp, ip, flags);
> > +
> > + error = -libxfs_trans_commit(tp);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Error encountered creating non dir inode"), error);
> > +
> > + libxfs_parent_finish(mp, ppargs);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Copy over file content, attributes, extended attributes and
> > + * timestamps.
> > + */
> > + if (fd >= 0) {
> > + /* We need to writefile only when not dealing with a symlink. */
> > + if (xname.type != XFS_DIR3_FT_SYMLINK)
> > + writefile(ip, src_fname, fd);
> > + writeattrs(ip, src_fname, fd);
> > + close(fd);
> > + }
> > + /*
> > + * We do fsxattr also for file types where we don't have an fd,
> > + * for example FIFOs.
> > + */
> > + writefsxattrs(ip, fsxp);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * If we're here it means this is the first time we're encountering an
> > + * hardlink, so we need to store it.
> > + */
> > + if (file_stat.st_nlink > 1)
> > + track_hardlink_inode(file_stat.st_ino, ip->i_ino);
> > +
> > + libxfs_irele(ip);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +handle_direntry(
> > + struct xfs_mount *mp,
> > + struct xfs_inode *pip,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp,
> > + char *path_buf,
> > + int path_len,
> > + struct dirent *entry)
> > +{
> > + char *fname = "";
> > + int flags;
> > + int majdev;
> > + int mindev;
> > + int mode;
> > + int pathfd,fd = -1;
> > + int rdev = 0;
> > + struct stat file_stat;
> > + struct xfs_name xname;
> > +
> > + pathfd = open(path_buf, O_NOFOLLOW | O_PATH);
> > + if (pathfd < 0){
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot open %s: %s\n"), progname,
> > + path_buf, strerror(errno));
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Symlinks and sockets will need to be opened with O_PATH to work, so
> > + * we handle this special case.
> > + */
> > + fd = openat(pathfd, entry->d_name, O_NOFOLLOW | O_PATH);
> > + if(fd < 0) {
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot open %s: %s\n"), progname,
> > + path_buf, strerror(errno));
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > +
> > + if (fstat(fd, &file_stat) < 0) {
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot stat '%s': %s (errno=%d)\n"),
> > + progname, path_buf, strerror(errno), errno);
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > +
> > + /* Ensure we're within the limits of PATH_MAX. */
> > + size_t avail = PATH_MAX - path_len;
> > + size_t wrote = snprintf(path_buf + path_len, avail, "/%s", entry->d_name);
> > + if (wrote > avail)
> > + fail(path_buf, ENAMETOOLONG);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Regular files instead need to be reopened with broader flags so we
> > + * check if that's the case and reopen those.
> > + */
> > + if (!S_ISSOCK(file_stat.st_mode) &&
> > + !S_ISLNK(file_stat.st_mode) &&
> > + !S_ISFIFO(file_stat.st_mode)) {
> > + close(fd);
> > + /*
> > + * Try to open the source file noatime to avoid a flood of
> > + * writes to the source fs, but we can fall back to plain
> > + * readonly mode if we don't have enough permission.
> > + */
> > + fd = openat(pathfd, entry->d_name,
> > + O_NOFOLLOW | O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME);
> > + if (fd < 0)
> > + fd = openat(pathfd, entry->d_name,
> > + O_NOFOLLOW | O_RDONLY);
> > + if(fd < 0) {
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot open %s: %s\n"), progname,
> > + path_buf, strerror(errno));
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > + }
> > +
> > + struct cred creds = {
> > + .cr_uid = file_stat.st_uid,
> > + .cr_gid = file_stat.st_gid,
> > + };
> > +
> > + xname.name = (unsigned char *)entry->d_name;
> > + xname.len = strlen(entry->d_name);
> > + xname.type = 0;
> > + mode = file_stat.st_mode;
> > + flags = XFS_ILOG_CORE;
> > +
> > + switch (file_stat.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
> > + case S_IFDIR:
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_DIR;
> > + create_directory_inode(mp, pip, fsxp, mode, creds, xname, flags,
> > + file_stat, fd, entry->d_name, path_buf,
> > + path_len + strlen(entry->d_name) + 1);
> > + goto out;
> > + case S_IFREG:
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_REG_FILE;
> > + fname = entry->d_name;
> > + break;
> > + case S_IFCHR:
> > + flags |= XFS_ILOG_DEV;
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_CHRDEV;
> > + majdev = major(file_stat.st_rdev);
> > + mindev = minor(file_stat.st_rdev);
> > + rdev = IRIX_MKDEV(majdev, mindev);
> > + fname = entry->d_name;
> > + break;
> > + case S_IFBLK:
> > + flags |= XFS_ILOG_DEV;
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_BLKDEV;
> > + majdev = major(file_stat.st_rdev);
> > + mindev = minor(file_stat.st_rdev);
> > + rdev = IRIX_MKDEV(majdev, mindev);
> > + fname = entry->d_name;
> > + break;
> > + case S_IFLNK:
> > + /*
> > + * Being a symlink we opened the filedescriptor with O_PATH
> > + * this will make flistxattr() and fgetxattr() fail with EBADF,
> > + * so we will need to fallback to llistxattr() and lgetxattr(),
> > + * this will need the full path to the original file, not just
> > + * the entry name.
> > + */
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_SYMLINK;
> > + fname = path_buf;
> > + break;
> > + case S_IFIFO:
> > + /*
> > + * Being a fifo we opened the filedescriptor with O_PATH
> > + * this will make flistxattr() and fgetxattr() fail with EBADF,
> > + * so we will need to fallback to llistxattr() and lgetxattr(),
> > + * this will need the full path to the original file, not just
> > + * the entry name.
> > + */
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_FIFO;
> > + fname = path_buf;
> > + break;
> > + case S_IFSOCK:
> > + /*
> > + * Being a socket we opened the filedescriptor with O_PATH
> > + * this will make flistxattr() and fgetxattr() fail with EBADF,
> > + * so we will need to fallback to llistxattr() and lgetxattr(),
> > + * this will need the full path to the original file, not just
> > + * the entry name.
> > + */
> > + xname.type = XFS_DIR3_FT_SOCK;
> > + fname = path_buf;
> > + break;
> > + default:
> > + break;
> > + }
> > +
> > + create_nondir_inode(mp, pip, fsxp, mode, creds, xname, flags, file_stat,
> > + rdev, fd, fname);
> > +out:
> > + /* Reset path_buf to original */
> > + path_buf[path_len] = '\0';
> > +}
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Walk_dir will recursively list files and directories and populate the
> > + * mountpoint *mp with them using handle_direntry().
> > + */
> > +static void
> > +walk_dir(
> > + struct xfs_mount *mp,
> > + struct xfs_inode *pip,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp,
> > + char *path_buf,
> > + int path_len)
> > +{
> > + DIR *dir;
> > + struct dirent *entry;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Open input directory and iterate over all entries in it.
> > + * when another directory is found, we will recursively call walk_dir.
> > + */
> > + if ((dir = opendir(path_buf)) == NULL) {
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot open input dir: %s [%d - %s]\n"),
> > + progname, path_buf, errno, strerror(errno));
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > + while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
> > + if (strcmp(entry->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
> > + strcmp(entry->d_name, "..") == 0)
> > + continue;
> > +
> > + handle_direntry(mp, pip, fsxp, path_buf, path_len, entry);
> > + }
> > + closedir(dir);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void
> > +populate_from_dir(
> > + struct xfs_mount *mp,
> > + struct fsxattr *fsxp,
> > + char *cur_path)
> > +{
> > + int error;
> > + int mode;
> > + int fd = -1;
> > + char path_buf[PATH_MAX];
> > + struct stat file_stat;
> > + struct xfs_inode *ip;
> > + struct xfs_trans *tp;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Initialize path_buf cur_path, strip trailing slashes they're
> > + * automatically added when walking the dir.
> > + */
> > + if (strlen(cur_path) > 1 && cur_path[strlen(cur_path)-1] == '/')
> > + cur_path[strlen(cur_path)-1] = '\0';
> > + if (snprintf(path_buf, PATH_MAX, "%s", cur_path) >= PATH_MAX)
> > + fail(_("path name too long"), ENAMETOOLONG);
> > +
> > + if (lstat(path_buf, &file_stat) < 0) {
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot stat '%s': %s (errno=%d)\n"),
> > + progname, path_buf, strerror(errno), errno);
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > + fd = open(path_buf, O_NOFOLLOW | O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME);
> > + if (fd < 0) {
> > + fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot open %s: %s\n"),
> > + progname, path_buf, strerror(errno));
> > + exit(1);
> > + }
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * We first ensure we have the root inode.
> > + */
> > + struct cred creds = {
> > + .cr_uid = file_stat.st_uid,
> > + .cr_gid = file_stat.st_gid,
> > + };
> > + mode = file_stat.st_mode;
> > +
> > + tp = getres(mp, 0);
> > +
> > + error = creatproto(&tp, NULL, mode | S_IFDIR, 0, &creds, fsxp, &ip);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Inode allocation failed"), error);
> > +
> > + mp->m_sb.sb_rootino = ip->i_ino;
> > + libxfs_log_sb(tp);
> > + newdirectory(mp, tp, ip, ip);
> > + libxfs_trans_log_inode(tp, ip, XFS_ILOG_CORE);
> > +
> > + error = -libxfs_trans_commit(tp);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Inode allocation failed"), error);
> > +
> > + libxfs_parent_finish(mp, NULL);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Copy over attributes.
> > + */
> > + writeattrs(ip, path_buf, fd);
> > + writefsxattrs(ip, fsxp);
> > + close(fd);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * RT initialization. Do this here to ensure that the RT inodes get
> > + * placed after the root inode.
> > + */
> > + error = create_metadir(mp);
> > + if (error)
> > + fail(_("Creation of the metadata directory inode failed"), error);
> > +
> > + rtinit(mp);
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * By nature of walk_dir() we could be opening a great number of fds
> > + * for deeply nested directory trees. try to bump max fds limit.
> > + */
> > + bump_max_fds();
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Initialize the hardlinks tracker.
> > + */
> > + init_hardlink_tracker();
> > + /*
> > + * Now that we have a root inode, let's walk the input dir and populate
> > + * the partition.
> > + */
> > + walk_dir(mp, ip, fsxp, path_buf, strlen(cur_path));
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Cleanup hardlinks tracker.
> > + */
> > + cleanup_hardlink_tracker();
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * We free up our root inode only when we finished populating the root
> > + * filesystem.
> > + */
> > + libxfs_irele(ip);
> > +}
> > diff --git a/mkfs/proto.h b/mkfs/proto.h
> > index be1ceb45..476f7851 100644
> > --- a/mkfs/proto.h
> > +++ b/mkfs/proto.h
> > @@ -6,9 +6,21 @@
> > #ifndef MKFS_PROTO_H_
> > #define MKFS_PROTO_H_
> >
> > -char *setup_proto(char *fname);
> > -void parse_proto(struct xfs_mount *mp, struct fsxattr *fsx, char **pp,
> > - int proto_slashes_are_spaces);
> > +enum proto_source_type {
> > + PROTO_SRC_NONE = 0,
> > + PROTO_SRC_PROTOFILE,
> > + PROTO_SRC_DIR
> > +};
> > +struct proto_source {
> > + enum proto_source_type type;
> > + char *data;
> > +};
> > +
> > +struct proto_source setup_proto(char *fname);
> > +void parse_proto(struct xfs_mount *mp, struct fsxattr *fsx,
> > + struct proto_source *protosource,
> > + int proto_slashes_are_spaces,
> > + int proto_preserve_atime);
> > void res_failed(int err);
> >
> > #endif /* MKFS_PROTO_H_ */
> > diff --git a/mkfs/xfs_mkfs.c b/mkfs/xfs_mkfs.c
> > index 812241c4..885377f1 100644
> > --- a/mkfs/xfs_mkfs.c
> > +++ b/mkfs/xfs_mkfs.c
> > @@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ enum {
> >
> > enum {
> > P_FILE = 0,
> > + P_ATIME,
> > P_SLASHES,
> > P_MAX_OPTS,
> > };
> > @@ -714,6 +715,7 @@ static struct opt_params popts = {
> > .ini_section = "proto",
> > .subopts = {
> > [P_FILE] = "file",
> > + [P_ATIME] = "atime",
> > [P_SLASHES] = "slashes_are_spaces",
> > [P_MAX_OPTS] = NULL,
> > },
> > @@ -722,6 +724,12 @@ static struct opt_params popts = {
> > .conflicts = { { NULL, LAST_CONFLICT } },
> > .defaultval = SUBOPT_NEEDS_VAL,
> > },
> > + { .index = P_ATIME,
> > + .conflicts = { { NULL, LAST_CONFLICT } },
> > + .minval = 0,
> > + .maxval = 1,
> > + .defaultval = 1,
> > + },
> > { .index = P_SLASHES,
> > .conflicts = { { NULL, LAST_CONFLICT } },
> > .minval = 0,
> > @@ -1079,6 +1087,7 @@ struct cli_params {
> > int lsunit;
> > int is_supported;
> > int proto_slashes_are_spaces;
> > + int proto_atime;
> > int data_concurrency;
> > int log_concurrency;
> > int rtvol_concurrency;
> > @@ -1206,6 +1215,7 @@ usage( void )
> > /* naming */ [-n size=num,version=2|ci,ftype=0|1,parent=0|1]]\n\
> > /* no-op info only */ [-N]\n\
> > /* prototype file */ [-p fname]\n\
> > +/* populate from directory */ [-p dirname,atime=0|1]\n\
> > /* quiet */ [-q]\n\
> > /* realtime subvol */ [-r extsize=num,size=num,rtdev=xxx,rgcount=n,rgsize=n,\n\
> > concurrency=num,zoned=0|1,start=n,reserved=n]\n\
> > @@ -2131,6 +2141,9 @@ proto_opts_parser(
> > case P_SLASHES:
> > cli->proto_slashes_are_spaces = getnum(value, opts, subopt);
> > break;
> > + case P_ATIME:
> > + cli->proto_atime = getnum(value, opts, subopt);
> > + break;
> > case P_FILE:
> > fallthrough;
> > default:
> > @@ -5682,7 +5695,7 @@ main(
> > int discard = 1;
> > int force_overwrite = 0;
> > int quiet = 0;
> > - char *protostring = NULL;
> > + struct proto_source protosource;
> > int worst_freelist = 0;
> >
> > struct libxfs_init xi = {
> > @@ -5832,8 +5845,6 @@ main(
> > */
> > cfgfile_parse(&cli);
> >
> > - protostring = setup_proto(cli.protofile);
> > -
> > /*
> > * Extract as much of the valid config as we can from the CLI input
> > * before opening the libxfs devices.
> > @@ -6010,7 +6021,11 @@ main(
> > /*
> > * Allocate the root inode and anything else in the proto file.
> > */
> > - parse_proto(mp, &cli.fsx, &protostring, cli.proto_slashes_are_spaces);
> > + protosource = setup_proto(cli.protofile);
> > + parse_proto(mp, &cli.fsx,
> > + &protosource,
> > + cli.proto_slashes_are_spaces,
> > + cli.proto_atime);
> >
> > /*
> > * Protect ourselves against possible stupidity
> > --
> > 2.50.0
> >
