* Krystian Kazmierczak via Gcc-help: > * Is this performance degradation considered normal for gcc under > memory pressure? Yes, I think it's expected. Very little software these days is prepared to deal with swapping. > * Is there any GCC-specific tuning or flags that can help in > constrained memory environments? (I'm aware of ggc-min-expand and > ggc-min-heapsize but these in most cases leads to lower memory > consumption at the cost of higher user time). You need to adjust make parallelism to adjust for available memory, or use a machine that balances available cores and RAM. If you use LTO, consider using -flto=jobserver (but note the caveats): <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html#index-flto>