On Sat, 2025-08-16 at 18:06 +0000, Anton Protopopov wrote: > Add support for a new instruction > > BPF_JMP|BPF_X|BPF_JA, SRC=0, DST=Rx, off=0[, imm=fd(M)] ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Do we really need to support this now? [...] > diff --git a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c > index 4bfb4faab4d7..f419a89b0147 100644 > --- a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c > +++ b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c > @@ -671,9 +671,11 @@ static void __emit_indirect_jump(u8 **pprog, int reg, bool ereg) > *pprog = prog; > } > > -static void emit_indirect_jump(u8 **pprog, int reg, bool ereg, u8 *ip) > +static void emit_indirect_jump(u8 **pprog, int bpf_reg, u8 *ip) Nit: maybe make this change a part of the previous patch? > { > u8 *prog = *pprog; > + int reg = reg2hex[bpf_reg]; > + bool ereg = is_ereg(bpf_reg); > > if (cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_INDIRECT_THUNK_ITS)) { > OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR(reg); [...] > diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h > index aca43c284203..6e68e0082c81 100644 > --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h > +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h > @@ -77,7 +77,15 @@ struct bpf_reg_state { > * the map_uid is non-zero for registers > * pointing to inner maps. > */ > - u32 map_uid; > + union { > + u32 map_uid; > + > + /* Used to track boundaries of a PTR_TO_INSN */ > + struct { > + u32 min_index; > + u32 max_index; Could you please elaborate why these fields are necessary? It appears that .var_off/.{s,u}{32_,}{min,max}_value fields can be used to track current index bounds (min/max fields for bounds, .var_off field to check 8-byte alignment). > + }; > + }; > }; > > /* for PTR_TO_BTF_ID */ > @@ -542,6 +550,11 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data { > struct { > u32 map_index; /* index into used_maps[] */ > u32 map_off; /* offset from value base address */ > + > + struct jt { /* jump table for gotox instruction */ ^^ should this be anonymous or have a `bpf_` prefix? > + u32 *off; > + int off_cnt; > + } jt; > }; > struct { > enum bpf_reg_type reg_type; /* type of pseudo_btf_id */ [...] > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/bpf_insn_array.c b/kernel/bpf/bpf_insn_array.c > index 0c8dac62f457..d077a5aa2c7c 100644 > --- a/kernel/bpf/bpf_insn_array.c > +++ b/kernel/bpf/bpf_insn_array.c > @@ -1,7 +1,6 @@ > // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only > > #include <linux/bpf.h> > -#include <linux/sort.h> > > #define MAX_INSN_ARRAY_ENTRIES 256 > > @@ -173,6 +172,20 @@ static u64 insn_array_mem_usage(const struct bpf_map *map) > return insn_array_alloc_size(map->max_entries) + extra_size; > } > > +static int insn_array_map_direct_value_addr(const struct bpf_map *map, u64 *imm, u32 off) > +{ > + struct bpf_insn_array *insn_array = cast_insn_array(map); > + > + if ((off % sizeof(long)) != 0 || > + (off / sizeof(long)) >= map->max_entries) > + return -EINVAL; > + > + /* from BPF's point of view, this map is a jump table */ > + *imm = (unsigned long)insn_array->ips + off / sizeof(long); > + > + return 0; > +} > + This function is called during main verification pass by verifier.c:check_mem_access() -> verifier.c:bpf_map_direct_read(). However, insn_array->ips is filled by bpf_jit_comp.c:do_jit() bpf_insn_array.c:bpf_prog_update_insn_ptr(), which is called *after* main verification pass. Do I miss something, or this can't work? > BTF_ID_LIST_SINGLE(insn_array_btf_ids, struct, bpf_insn_array) > > const struct bpf_map_ops insn_array_map_ops = { [...] > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c > index 863b7114866b..c2cfa55913f8 100644 > --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c > +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c [...] > @@ -6072,6 +6084,14 @@ static int check_map_kptr_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno, > return 0; > } > > +static u32 map_mem_size(const struct bpf_map *map) Nit: It is a bit non-obvious why this function returns the size of a single value for all map types except insn array. Maybe add a comment here, something like: Return the size of the memory region accessible from a pointer to map value. For INSN_ARRAY maps whole bpf_insn_array->ips array is accessible. > +{ > + if (map->map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_INSN_ARRAY) > + return map->max_entries * sizeof(long); ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Nit: sizeof_field(struct bpf_insn_array, ips) ? > + > + return map->value_size; > +} > + > /* check read/write into a map element with possible variable offset */ > static int check_map_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno, > int off, int size, bool zero_size_allowed, [...] > @@ -7820,6 +7849,13 @@ static int check_load_mem(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn, > allow_trust_mismatch); > err = err ?: reg_bounds_sanity_check(env, ®s[insn->dst_reg], ctx); > > + if (map_ptr_copy) { > + regs[insn->dst_reg].type = PTR_TO_INSN; > + regs[insn->dst_reg].map_ptr = map_ptr_copy; > + regs[insn->dst_reg].min_index = regs[insn->src_reg].min_index; > + regs[insn->dst_reg].max_index = regs[insn->src_reg].max_index; > + } > + I think this should be handled inside check_mem_access(), see case for reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE. > return err; > } > [...] > @@ -14554,6 +14592,36 @@ static int adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, > > switch (opcode) { > case BPF_ADD: > + if (ptr_to_insn_array) { > + u32 min_index = dst_reg->min_index; > + u32 max_index = dst_reg->max_index; > + > + if ((umin_val + ptr_reg->off) > (u64) U32_MAX * sizeof(long)) { > + verbose(env, "umin_value %llu + offset %u is too big to convert to index\n", > + umin_val, ptr_reg->off); > + return -EACCES; > + } > + if ((umax_val + ptr_reg->off) > (u64) U32_MAX * sizeof(long)) { > + verbose(env, "umax_value %llu + offset %u is too big to convert to index\n", > + umax_val, ptr_reg->off); > + return -EACCES; > + } > + > + min_index += (umin_val + ptr_reg->off) / sizeof(long); > + max_index += (umax_val + ptr_reg->off) / sizeof(long); > + > + if (min_index >= ptr_reg->map_ptr->max_entries) { > + verbose(env, "min_index %u points to outside of map\n", min_index); > + return -EACCES; > + } > + if (max_index >= ptr_reg->map_ptr->max_entries) { > + verbose(env, "max_index %u points to outside of map\n", max_index); > + return -EACCES; > + } > + > + dst_reg->min_index = min_index; > + dst_reg->max_index = max_index; > + } I think this and the following hunk would disappear if {min,max}_index are replaced by regular offset tracking mechanics. > /* We can take a fixed offset as long as it doesn't overflow > * the s32 'off' field > */ > @@ -14598,6 +14666,11 @@ static int adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, > } > break; > case BPF_SUB: > + if (ptr_to_insn_array) { > + verbose(env, "Operation %s on ptr to instruction set map is prohibited\n", > + bpf_alu_string[opcode >> 4]); > + return -EACCES; > + } > if (dst_reg == off_reg) { > /* scalar -= pointer. Creates an unknown scalar */ > verbose(env, "R%d tried to subtract pointer from scalar\n", > @@ -16943,7 +17016,8 @@ static int check_ld_imm(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn) > } > dst_reg->type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE; > dst_reg->off = aux->map_off; > - WARN_ON_ONCE(map->max_entries != 1); > + WARN_ON_ONCE(map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_INSN_ARRAY && > + map->max_entries != 1); Q: when is this necessary? > /* We want reg->id to be same (0) as map_value is not distinct */ > } else if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD || > insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX) { > @@ -17696,6 +17770,246 @@ static int mark_fastcall_patterns(struct bpf_verifier_env *env) > return 0; > } > > +#define SET_HIGH(STATE, LAST) STATE = (STATE & 0xffffU) | ((LAST) << 16) > +#define GET_HIGH(STATE) ((u16)((STATE) >> 16)) > + > +static int push_goto_x_edge(int t, struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct jt *jt) I think check_cfg() can be refactored to use insn_successors(). In such a case it won't be necessary to special case gotox processing (appart from insn_aux->jt allocation). > +{ > + int *insn_stack = env->cfg.insn_stack; > + int *insn_state = env->cfg.insn_state; > + u16 prev; > + int w; > + > + for (prev = GET_HIGH(insn_state[t]); prev < jt->off_cnt; prev++) { > + w = jt->off[prev]; > + > + /* EXPLORED || DISCOVERED */ > + if (insn_state[w]) > + continue; > + > + break; > + } > + > + if (prev == jt->off_cnt) > + return DONE_EXPLORING; > + > + mark_prune_point(env, t); > + > + if (env->cfg.cur_stack >= env->prog->len) > + return -E2BIG; > + insn_stack[env->cfg.cur_stack++] = w; > + > + mark_jmp_point(env, w); > + > + SET_HIGH(insn_state[t], prev + 1); > + return KEEP_EXPLORING; > +} > + > +static int copy_insn_array(struct bpf_map *map, u32 start, u32 end, u32 *off) > +{ > + struct bpf_insn_array_value *value; > + u32 i; > + > + for (i = start; i <= end; i++) { > + value = map->ops->map_lookup_elem(map, &i); > + if (!value) > + return -EINVAL; > + off[i - start] = value->xlated_off; > + } > + return 0; > +} > + > +static int cmp_ptr_to_u32(const void *a, const void *b) > +{ > + return *(u32 *)a - *(u32 *)b; > +} This will overflow for e.g. `0 - 8`. > + > +static int sort_insn_array_uniq(u32 *off, int off_cnt) > +{ > + int unique = 1; > + int i; > + > + sort(off, off_cnt, sizeof(off[0]), cmp_ptr_to_u32, NULL); > + > + for (i = 1; i < off_cnt; i++) > + if (off[i] != off[unique - 1]) > + off[unique++] = off[i]; > + > + return unique; > +} > + > +/* > + * sort_unique({map[start], ..., map[end]}) into off > + */ > +static int copy_insn_array_uniq(struct bpf_map *map, u32 start, u32 end, u32 *off) > +{ > + u32 n = end - start + 1; > + int err; > + > + err = copy_insn_array(map, start, end, off); > + if (err) > + return err; > + > + return sort_insn_array_uniq(off, n); > +} > + > +/* > + * Copy all unique offsets from the map > + */ > +static int jt_from_map(struct bpf_map *map, struct jt *jt) > +{ > + u32 *off; > + int n; > + > + off = kvcalloc(map->max_entries, sizeof(u32), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT); > + if (!off) > + return -ENOMEM; > + > + n = copy_insn_array_uniq(map, 0, map->max_entries - 1, off); > + if (n < 0) { > + kvfree(off); > + return n; > + } > + > + jt->off = off; > + jt->off_cnt = n; > + return 0; > +} > + > +/* > + * Find and collect all maps which fit in the subprog. Return the result as one > + * combined jump table in jt->off (allocated with kvcalloc > + */ > +static int jt_from_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, > + int subprog_start, > + int subprog_end, > + struct jt *jt) > +{ > + struct bpf_map *map; > + struct jt jt_cur; > + u32 *off; > + int err; > + int i; > + > + jt->off = NULL; > + jt->off_cnt = 0; > + > + for (i = 0; i < env->insn_array_map_cnt; i++) { > + /* > + * TODO (when needed): collect only jump tables, not static keys > + * or maps for indirect calls > + */ > + map = env->insn_array_maps[i]; > + > + err = jt_from_map(map, &jt_cur); > + if (err) { > + kvfree(jt->off); > + return err; > + } > + > + /* > + * This is enough to check one element. The full table is > + * checked to fit inside the subprog later in create_jt() > + */ > + if (jt_cur.off[0] >= subprog_start && jt_cur.off[0] < subprog_end) { This won't always catch cases when insn array references offsets from several subprograms. Also is one subprogram limitation really necessary? > + off = kvrealloc(jt->off, (jt->off_cnt + jt_cur.off_cnt) << 2, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT); > + if (!off) { > + kvfree(jt_cur.off); > + kvfree(jt->off); > + return -ENOMEM; > + } > + memcpy(off + jt->off_cnt, jt_cur.off, jt_cur.off_cnt << 2); > + jt->off = off; > + jt->off_cnt += jt_cur.off_cnt; > + } > + > + kvfree(jt_cur.off); > + } > + > + if (jt->off == NULL) { > + verbose(env, "no jump tables found for subprog starting at %u\n", subprog_start); > + return -EINVAL; > + } > + > + jt->off_cnt = sort_insn_array_uniq(jt->off, jt->off_cnt); > + return 0; > +} > + > +static int create_jt(int t, struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int fd, struct jt *jt) > +{ > + static struct bpf_subprog_info *subprog; > + int subprog_idx, subprog_start, subprog_end; > + struct bpf_map *map; > + int map_idx; > + int ret; > + int i; > + > + if (env->subprog_cnt == 0) > + return -EFAULT; > + > + subprog_idx = find_containing_subprog_idx(env, t); > + if (subprog_idx < 0) { > + verbose(env, "can't find subprog containing instruction %d\n", t); > + return -EFAULT; > + } > + subprog = &env->subprog_info[subprog_idx]; > + subprog_start = subprog->start; > + subprog_end = (subprog + 1)->start; > + > + map_idx = add_used_map(env, fd); Will this spam the log with bogus "fd %d is not pointing to valid bpf_map\n" messages if gotox does not specify fd? > + if (map_idx >= 0) { > + map = env->used_maps[map_idx]; > + if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_INSN_ARRAY) { > + verbose(env, "map type %d in the gotox insn %d is incorrect\n", > + map->map_type, t); > + return -EINVAL; > + } > + > + env->insn_aux_data[t].map_index = map_idx; > + > + ret = jt_from_map(map, jt); > + if (ret) > + return ret; > + } else { > + ret = jt_from_subprog(env, subprog_start, subprog_end, jt); > + if (ret) > + return ret; > + } > + > + /* Check that the every element of the jump table fits within the given subprogram */ > + for (i = 0; i < jt->off_cnt; i++) { > + if (jt->off[i] < subprog_start || jt->off[i] >= subprog_end) { > + verbose(env, "jump table for insn %d points outside of the subprog [%u,%u]", > + t, subprog_start, subprog_end); > + return -EINVAL; > + } > + } > + > + return 0; > +} > + > +/* "conditional jump with N edges" */ > +static int visit_goto_x_insn(int t, struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int fd) > +{ > + struct jt *jt = &env->insn_aux_data[t].jt; > + int ret; > + > + if (jt->off == NULL) { > + ret = create_jt(t, env, fd, jt); > + if (ret) > + return ret; > + } > + > + /* > + * Mark jt as allocated. Otherwise, this is not possible to check if it > + * was allocated or not in the code which frees memory (jt is a part of > + * union) > + */ > + env->insn_aux_data[t].jt_allocated = true; > + > + return push_goto_x_edge(t, env, jt); > +} > + > /* Visits the instruction at index t and returns one of the following: > * < 0 - an error occurred > * DONE_EXPLORING - the instruction was fully explored > @@ -17786,8 +18100,8 @@ static int visit_insn(int t, struct bpf_verifier_env *env) > return visit_func_call_insn(t, insns, env, insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL); > > case BPF_JA: > - if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K) > - return -EINVAL; > + if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) > + return visit_goto_x_insn(t, env, insn->imm); > > if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_JMP) > off = insn->off; [...] > @@ -18679,6 +19000,10 @@ static bool regsafe(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_reg_state *rold, > return regs_exact(rold, rcur, idmap) && rold->frameno == rcur->frameno; > case PTR_TO_ARENA: > return true; > + case PTR_TO_INSN: > + /* cur ⊆ old */ Out of curiosity: are unicode symbols allowed in kernel source code? > + return (rcur->min_index >= rold->min_index && > + rcur->max_index <= rold->max_index); > default: > return regs_exact(rold, rcur, idmap); > } > @@ -19825,6 +20150,67 @@ static int process_bpf_exit_full(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, > return PROCESS_BPF_EXIT; > } > > +/* gotox *dst_reg */ > +static int check_indirect_jump(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn) > +{ > + struct bpf_verifier_state *other_branch; > + struct bpf_reg_state *dst_reg; > + struct bpf_map *map; > + int err = 0; > + u32 *xoff; > + int n; > + int i; > + > + dst_reg = reg_state(env, insn->dst_reg); > + if (dst_reg->type != PTR_TO_INSN) { > + verbose(env, "BPF_JA|BPF_X R%d has type %d, expected PTR_TO_INSN\n", > + insn->dst_reg, dst_reg->type); > + return -EINVAL; > + } > + > + map = dst_reg->map_ptr; > + if (!map) > + return -EINVAL; Is this a verifier bug or legit situation? If it is a bug, maybe add a verifier_bug() here and return -EFAULT? > + > + if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_INSN_ARRAY) > + return -EINVAL; Same question here, ->type is already `PTR_TO_INSN`. > + > + if (dst_reg->max_index >= map->max_entries) { > + verbose(env, "BPF_JA|BPF_X R%d is out of map boundaries: index=%u, max_index=%u\n", > + insn->dst_reg, dst_reg->max_index, map->max_entries-1); > + return -EINVAL; > + } > + > + xoff = kvcalloc(dst_reg->max_index - dst_reg->min_index + 1, sizeof(u32), GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT); > + if (!xoff) > + return -ENOMEM; > + > + n = copy_insn_array_uniq(map, dst_reg->min_index, dst_reg->max_index, xoff); Nit: I'd avoid this allocation and do a loop for(i = min_index; i <= max_index; i++), with map->ops->map_lookup_elem(map, &i) (or a wrapper) inside it. > + if (n < 0) { > + err = n; > + goto free_off; > + } > + if (n == 0) { > + verbose(env, "register R%d doesn't point to any offset in map id=%d\n", > + insn->dst_reg, map->id); > + err = -EINVAL; > + goto free_off; > + } > + > + for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) { > + other_branch = push_stack(env, xoff[i], env->insn_idx, false); > + if (IS_ERR(other_branch)) { > + err = PTR_ERR(other_branch); > + goto free_off; > + } > + } > + env->insn_idx = xoff[n-1]; > + > +free_off: > + kvfree(xoff); > + return err; > +} > + > static int do_check_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, bool *do_print_state) > { > int err; [...] > @@ -20981,6 +21371,23 @@ static int bpf_adj_linfo_after_remove(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off, > return 0; > } > > +/* > + * Clean up dynamically allocated fields of aux data for instructions [start, ..., end] > + */ > +static void clear_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux_data, int start, int end) Nit: switching this to (..., int start, int len) would simplify arithmetic at call sites. > +{ > + int i; > + > + for (i = start; i <= end; i++) { > + if (aux_data[i].jt_allocated) { > + kvfree(aux_data[i].jt.off); > + aux_data[i].jt.off = NULL; > + aux_data[i].jt.off_cnt = 0; > + aux_data[i].jt_allocated = false; > + } > + } > +} > + > static int verifier_remove_insns(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off, u32 cnt) > { > struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux_data = env->insn_aux_data; [...] > @@ -24175,18 +24586,18 @@ static bool can_jump(struct bpf_insn *insn) > return false; > } > > -static int insn_successors(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx, u32 succ[2]) > +static int insn_successors_regular(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 insn_idx, u32 *succ) > { > - struct bpf_insn *insn = &prog->insnsi[idx]; > + struct bpf_insn *insn = &prog->insnsi[insn_idx]; > int i = 0, insn_sz; > u32 dst; > > insn_sz = bpf_is_ldimm64(insn) ? 2 : 1; > - if (can_fallthrough(insn) && idx + 1 < prog->len) > - succ[i++] = idx + insn_sz; > + if (can_fallthrough(insn) && insn_idx + 1 < prog->len) > + succ[i++] = insn_idx + insn_sz; > > if (can_jump(insn)) { > - dst = idx + jmp_offset(insn) + 1; > + dst = insn_idx + jmp_offset(insn) + 1; > if (i == 0 || succ[0] != dst) > succ[i++] = dst; > } > @@ -24194,6 +24605,36 @@ static int insn_successors(struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 idx, u32 succ[2]) > return i; > } > > +static int insn_successors_gotox(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, > + struct bpf_prog *prog, > + u32 insn_idx, u32 **succ) > +{ > + struct jt *jt = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].jt; > + > + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!jt->off || !jt->off_cnt)) > + return -EFAULT; > + > + *succ = jt->off; > + return jt->off_cnt; > +} > + > +/* > + * Fill in *succ[0],...,*succ[n-1] with successors. The default *succ > + * pointer (of size 2) may be replaced with a custom one if more > + * elements are required (i.e., an indirect jump). > + */ > +static int insn_successors(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, > + struct bpf_prog *prog, > + u32 insn_idx, u32 **succ) > +{ > + struct bpf_insn *insn = &prog->insnsi[insn_idx]; > + > + if (unlikely(insn_is_gotox(insn))) > + return insn_successors_gotox(env, prog, insn_idx, succ); > + > + return insn_successors_regular(prog, insn_idx, *succ); > +} > + The `prog` parameter can be dropped, as it is accessible from `env`. I don't like the `u32 **succ` part of this interface. What about one of the following alternatives: - u32 *insn_successors(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_idx) and `u32 succ_buf[2]` added to bpf_verifier_env? - int insn_successor(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_idx, u32 succ_num): bool fallthrough = can_fallthrough(insn); bool jump = can_jump(insn); if (succ_num == 0) { if (fallthrough) return <next insn> if (jump) return <jump tgt> } else if (succ_num == 1) { if (fallthrough && jump) return <jmp tgt> } else if (is_gotox) { return <lookup> } return -1; ? > /* Each field is a register bitmask */ > struct insn_live_regs { > u16 use; /* registers read by instruction */ > @@ -24387,11 +24828,17 @@ static int compute_live_registers(struct bpf_verifier_env *env) Could you please extend `tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/compute_live_registers.c` with test cases for gotox? > int insn_idx = env->cfg.insn_postorder[i]; > struct insn_live_regs *live = &state[insn_idx]; > int succ_num; > - u32 succ[2]; > + u32 _succ[2]; > + u32 *succ = &_succ[0]; > u16 new_out = 0; > u16 new_in = 0; > > - succ_num = insn_successors(env->prog, insn_idx, succ); > + succ_num = insn_successors(env, env->prog, insn_idx, &succ); > + if (succ_num < 0) { > + err = succ_num; > + goto out; > + > + } > for (int s = 0; s < succ_num; ++s) > new_out |= state[succ[s]].in; > new_in = (new_out & ~live->def) | live->use; [...]